Living Mathematics and Science to the Full

Archive for May, 2013

Forget the Atkins Diet – eat like a caveman


Scientists compared a healthy modern meal of fish, rice, fruit and vegetables with a Palaeolithic era meal of fish, fruit, nuts and mushrooms.

Both meals contained the same amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates and calories, but the Stone Age meal was more fillingand could help combat obesity and type2 diabetes.

“The metabolism of the volunteers was monitored three hours after eating and those that consumed the modified (Palaeolithic) meal felt much fuller. Furthermore, results showed that they had significantly higher levels of PYY, a hormone that tells the brain, ‘We have had enough to eat’,” according to the study by Unilever scientists released yesterday.

According to Dr Loren Cordain, founder of the Paleo Movement, the Stone Age diet includes fresh meats, preferably grass-produced or from free-ranging animals, fish and other seafood, fresh fruits, vegetables, seeds, nuts, and oils such as olive, coconut, avocado, macadamia, walnut and flaxseed.

“Dairy products, cereal grains, legumes, refined sugars and processed foods were not part of our ancestral menu,” he said on his website.

 

Source: http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2013/05/15/forget-atkins—eat-like-a-caveman

ADHD may continue in adulthood


Pretoria – Considered one of the most common childhood neurological disorders, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, or ADHD, is no longer considered just an affliction of the young.

It is classified as a heterogeneous behavioural disorder of an uncertain cause that becomes evident before the age of seven, typically persisting through adolescence, and for some, into adulthood. As ADD and ADHD have only become fully recognised over the past 10 to 15 years, even less is known (or accepted) about adult ADHD.

According to adultadhd.net, close to 60 percent of children will carry their ADHD characteristics over into adulthood, where they now need to adapt to a different set of pressures and responsibilities.

The symptoms of adult ADHD change according to the lifestyle and preferences. Relationships, employment, everyday tasks and even spending time with friends can be affected in a number of ways, both positively and negatively.

Carina van Vuuren, educational psychologist at Adhasa (The ADHD Association of South Africa), says ADHD affects between 4 and 7 percent of adults globally. Some experts believe that as many as one in 10 adults living in South Africa display ADHD tendencies, which is on a par with the global trend.

However, the symptoms in adults differ from those in children.

Adults are less likely to experience hyperactivity; instead, they are more likely to feel restless, be constantly fidgeting and have difficulty in switching off their minds or relaxing completely. This difference in symptoms is one of the reasons why adult ADHD has only recently been recognised as a condition.

And, more often than not, adults who are displaying symptoms now, went undiagnosed as children.

“Those with undiagnosed ADHD may suffer from self-esteem issues. They are at more risk for drug abuse, job and relationship failure and may be risk-takers or adrenalin seekers,” says Van Vuuren.

But, there are many positives as well, such as those with ADD or ADHD being highly creative individuals. Once they find their creative outlet they can become highly successful.

According to Jacqueline Sinfield, author of Untapped Brilliance: How to Reach Your Full Potential as an Adult with Attention Deficit Disorder, healthy eating is a great way to minimise the negative effects of ADHD.

“It has been proven that there is a direct link between the food you consume and the effectiveness of how your brain operates. As ADHD is neurological in nature, if your brain receives all the nutrients it requires, it repays you by functioning at its peak,” she says.

Fedhealth experts say that those who battle with concentration and may have ADHD tendencies will benefit from a diet that is: rich in high quality protein; contains a healthy amount of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat; includes complex carbohydrates; is low in saturated and trans fats; and contains lots of fresh water daily.

“Those with ADHD should make it their goal to give their brain a constant supply of protein and reduce artificial ingredients. Omega-3 fatty acids are also an important supplement to consider adding to their diet. Omega-3 fatty acids increase neurotransmitters. One of the key neurotransmitters for an adult with ADHD is dopamine. When dopa- mine levels are reduced, so is the attention span. By increasing the Omega-3 intake, those with ADHD can increase their attention capacity,” says Peter Jordan, principal officer at Fedhealth. – Daily News

Image

2013 Science Expo Presentation Date


calendar_August_15

Image

Fats – the good the bad and the ugly


8b8030a4e2ee413d86adf0f224bc2e5e

Greenhouse gas levels at all-time high


Washington – Worldwide levels of the greenhouse gas that plays the biggest role in global warming have reached their highest level in almost 2 million years — an amount never before encountered by humans, US scientists said on Friday.

Carbon dioxide was measured at 400ppm (parts per million) on Thursday at the oldest monitoring station in Hawaii, which sets the global benchmark.

The number 400 has been anticipated by climate scientists and environmental activists for years as a notable indicator, in part because it’s a round number.

“What we see today is 100% due to human activity,” said Pieter Tans, a senior scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The burning of fossil fuels, such as coal for electricity and oil for gasoline, has caused the overwhelming bulk of the man-made increase in carbon in the air, scientists say.

At the end of the Ice Age, it took 7 000 years for carbon dioxide levels to rise by 80ppm, Tans said. Because of the burning of fossil fuels, carbon dioxide levels have gone up by the same amount in just 55 years.

The speed of the change is the big worry, said Pennsylvania State University climate scientist Michael Mann. If carbon dioxide levels go up 100ppm over thousands or millions of years, plants and animals can adapt. But that can’t be done at the speed it is now happening.

The last time the worldwide carbon level was probably this high was about 2 million years ago, Tans said. That was during the Pleistocene Era.

“It was much warmer than it is today,” Tans said. “There were forests in Greenland. Sea level was higher, between 10m and 20m .”

Other scientists say it may have been 10 million years since earth last encountered this level of carbon dioxide. The first modern humans only appeared in Africa about 200 000 years ago.

Industrial Revolution

When measurements were first taken in 1958, carbon dioxide was measured at 315ppm. Levels are now growing about 2ppm per year. That’s 100 times faster than at the end of the Ice Age.

Before the Industrial Revolution, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 ppm, and they were closer to 200 during the Ice Age, which is when sea levels shrank and polar places went from green to icy.

Some scientists and environmental groups promote 350ppm as a safe level for CO2, but scientists acknowledge they don’t really know what levels would stop the effects of global warming.

“Physically, we are no worse off at 400 ppm than we were at 399ppm,” Princeton University climate scientist Michael Oppenheimer said. “But as a symbol of the painfully slow pace of measures to avoid a dangerous level of warming, it’s somewhat unnerving.”

The world pumps on average 1.1 million kilograms of carbon dioxide into the air every second for a total of 38.2 billion tons in 2011, according international calculations published in a scientific journal in December.

China spews 10 billion tons of carbon dioxide into the air per year, leading all countries, and its emissions are growing about 10 percent annually. The US at No 2 is slowly cutting emissions and is down to 5.9 billion tons per year.

Environmental activists, such as former US vice president Al Gore, seized on this week’s milestone.

“This number is a reminder that for the last 150 years – and especially over the last several decades – we have been recklessly polluting the protective sheath of atmosphere that surrounds the Earth and protects the conditions that have fostered the flourishing of our civilisation,” Gore said in a statement.

“We are altering the composition of our atmosphere at an unprecedented rate.”

Oceans

There are natural ups and downs of the greenhouse gas, which comes from volcanoes and decomposing plants and animals. But that’s not what has driven current levels so high, Tans said. He said the amount should be even higher, but the world’s oceans are absorbing quite a bit, keeping it out of the air.

Carbon dioxide traps heat just like in a greenhouse and most of it stays in the air for about a century. Some lasts for thousands of years, scientists say.

It accounts for three-quarters of the planet’s heat-trapping gases. There are others, such as methane, which has a shorter life span but traps heat more effectively.

Both trigger temperatures to rise over time, scientists say, which is causing sea levels to rise and some weather patterns to change.

Last year, regional monitors briefly hit 400ppm in the Arctic, but those monitoring stations aren’t seen as a world mark like the one at Mauna Loa, Hawaii.

Generally carbon levels peak in May then fall slightly, so the yearly average is usually a few parts per million lower than May levels.

Source: http://www.news24.com/Green/News/Greenhouse-gas-levels-at-all-time-high-20130511

2013 Grade 6 NS Examination Themes


  1. Photosynthesis
  2. Balanced Diets (Eat well plate)
  3. Oils and Fats in our diet
  4. Sugar in our diet
  5. Vitamins
  6. Health of our environment
  7. Digestion
  8. Our Teeth
  9. Our Skeleton
  10. The Scientific Method

2013 Grade 7 NS June Exam Requirements


Vertebrates:

  1. Fish
  2. Amphibians
  3. Reptiles
  4. Birds
  5. Mammals

Invertebrates

  1. Arthropods
    1. Insects
    2. Arachnids
    3. Crustaceans

i.     Decapod Crustaceans

ii.     Isopod Crustaceans

  1. Myriapods

i.     Chilopods

ii.     Diplopods

  1. Molluscs
    1. Gastropods
    2. Bivalves
    3. Cephalopods

For each of the above be sure to be able to explain the:

  1. Structure
  2. Reproduction
  3. Feeding
  4. Locomotion
  5. Habitat
  6. Breathing

Understanding CAPS


“Short-change your education now and you may be short of change the rest of your life.” This expression, its author unknown, is a frightening reality. Hence the need for a good system at home and at school that allows for productive teaching, and results in pupils excelling.

Which brings me to my next question: “What is Caps?”

If you haven’t heard this new buzzword you are probably wondering how a teacher’s grammar could be so poor and would want to correct me by saying, “What ARE Caps?”

The Caps I am referring to is the new national curriculum statement:

C – curriculum

A – assessment

P – policy

S – statement

 

Background

They say “knowledge is power”, but during my research and interviews I have encountered so many parents and teachers who have little knowledge and training regarding the new curriculum. This has devastating effects on teachers, resulting in anxiety, endless prepping and tiresome marking.

This is not what the education department intended when revising the old curriculum. They looked at the results of it and decided they needed to improve our matric pass rate by reducing teachers’ administration so more time could be spent on teaching.

In addition, they created pupil- and teacher-friendly textbooks and a time allocation for each topic covered.

So why has this been an educator’s nightmare?

 

The time allocations versus the colossal content are not always achievable, resulting in work being rushed and the inadequate consolidation of concepts taught. This is why parent-child consolidation is vital at home.

If you are at work the entire day the last thing on your list is reinforcing schoolwork. This is, however, imperative and because your child will feel comfortable voicing what he or she is battling with, this support will prevent the need for bridging massive gaps in the long run.

Remember, education doesn’t begin and end with school – it is lifelong. In fact, philosopher and inventor Albert Einstein once said: “Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school.”

The education department has done what they need to make it pliable.

We as parents, teachers and pupils need to work as a unit to allow it to be successful.

There are a number of study techniques to help your child get through their formative years (see below).

However, there are two things parents need to perfect before using and applying these strategies successfully: reading and comprehension.

If a child is poor at comprehension, studying is an uphill battle. Reading fluency and speed, in this case, are not as important as word recognition and understanding.

A learner-friendly way of formulating an understanding of a text is to “predict” an idea of the story before reading it by examining the title, looking at the pictures, reading the introduction and reading the conclusion.

Once these four things have been done, you may begin to ask your own questions relating to what, where, how, who and why.

When studying, reading aloud is also useful as you are benefiting from an auditory and visual source.

A small amount of adrenalin is useful for our success, but an anxiety overload does the opposite by making us forget. That is why understanding the work by daily consolidation is imperative. Remember, knowledge is power, power promotes confidence and, in turn, confidence allows for success.

To conclude, I would like to quote Nelson Mandela, who said, “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.”

He certainly has, so what greater teacher’s advice to take than his?

Parents, teachers and children, let us seize the day by tackling Caps “head on”, and let the Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement become a Creative Approach to Perfect Schooling.

 

Processing information in a fun way

As I mentioned, studying begins in the classroom and marginal notes are the beginning of this process.

By taking notes, you are benefiting from a VAK approach which incorporates:

* Visual – by writing the content down so it can be read.

* Auditory – by listening to the teacher’s explanation.

* Kinaesthetic – by writing and movement.

Whatever the subject, it is important for your child to follow these steps:

* Familiarise him or herself with the background of the topic.

* Highlight the important points.

* Sum them up into one or two sentences.

* Create an image by putting in additional information and putting it into your own words.

* Revision by questioning.

Now that your child has processed some information, you can consolidate it by making it enjoyable, meaningful and memorable:

* Transform the study material into a song or a poem, if your child is poetic or musical.

* Make a spider diagram or a repetitive sentence by building on it, if your child is artistic.

* Abbreviate and create your own shorthand so there is less content to remember.

* Make mnemonics and acronyms, for example remembering the colours of the rainbow, ROY G BIV, if your child is numerical.

 

Study techniques to help children through their formative years

Studying doesn’t begin at home – in fact, it begins at school during class.

The day before a test should merely be revision. Memory is important for studying but rote learning – which we parents and adults did in the old days – assists only with short-term memory.

We need to make learning understandable, memorable and enjoyable. But how?

* What are your child’s strengths and weaknesses? (For example, is he or she a visual or auditory learner?) By ascertaining this, you can develop their negatives while building on their positives. There is no use in reading information to your child or explaining it if he or she thrives on visual cues. A visual learner will benefit from things that illuminate the visual part of the brain, for example colours and diagrams.

* Set the correct environment: do not expect your child to learn in an environment that does not promote learning. For example, do they prefer to work in a well-lit room, at a desk or chair, in silence or with background noise, while eating, while moving, in the morning or evening? This is half of the battle won, since one of the hardest things to do is entice your child to begin studying.

* Plan time: tests usually occur cyclically, so if your child is being tested on day 10 of the cycle, divide the content into eight sections and on day nine just revise.

These subsections should be no longer than 30 to 45 minutes as their concentration cannot last longer than that and it is the quality of work that matters rather than quantity.

Source:  www.breakingbarriers.co.za

Know what your symptoms say


DPU0p

Source:http://www.health24.com/Medical/Flu/Multimedia/Know-your-symptoms-20130429